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Xenodiagnosis and its use in leishmaniases research
Vojtková, Barbora ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Svobodová, Milena (referee)
The aim of these theses was to summarize the knowledge about the use of xenodiagnostic methods in the past and their current potential for parasitological research. Xenodiagnosis it is a diagnostic method using bloodsucking arthropods (disease vectors) as a biologic medium suitable for detection of parasites in the blood of investigated individuals (vertebrates). It is expected that parasites grow within the midgut of the vector and then are easily detectable microscopically. The method was used for the first time in 1914 by French researcher Émile Bumpt for detection of Trypasoma cruzi, causative agent of Chargas' disease. During few decades and thanks to engagement of many scientific groups, it became one of the most efficient and effective diagnostic methods. For instance, the most suitable species of vectors, the experiment duration and the optimal numbers of vectors and/or experiments were assigned to get reliable results. Xenodiagnoses as a diagnostic method lost its importance after introduction of molecular methods, first of all after onset of polymerase chain reaction. At present, however, the xenodiagnosis is suitable for experiments studiing if the host is infectious for the vector. This method appears as a good tool for testing of new reservoir hosts and for the monitoring of the role...
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Role of asymptomatic hosts in leishmaniasis transmission.
Sandner, Bruno ; Sádlová, Jovana (advisor) ; Kodym, Petr (referee)
Leishmania parasites have a digenetic-life cycle, circulating between vertebrate hosts and insect vectors, mainly phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae). Mammals serve as principal reservoirs of the disease and maintain the leishmania population even in the absence of the vector. Knowledge of the role of asymptomatic hosts in parasite transmission is one of the key prerequisites to understand epidemiology of leishmaniases. The aim of this work is to summarize the studies on asymptomatic hosts of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum and L. donovani. In L. infantum, asymptomatic hosts have been shown to be involved in transmission, namely dogs, humans, and other putative reservoir hosts. Asymptomatic dogs infect the same proportion of vectors as symptomatic dogs, and in humans, HIV coinfection significantly increased the infectiousness. VL caused by L. donovani is regarded as mostly anthroponotic, but the parasite has been often detected in animal hosts and zoonotic transmission has been suggested in East Africa. Transmission from asymptomatic individuals has not been established, but the studies on this topic are very scarce. Further intensive research is needed to confirm the role of potential reservoir hosts and asymptomatic individuals in the transmission of leishmaniases....
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Xenodiagnosis and its use in leishmaniases research
Vojtková, Barbora ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Svobodová, Milena (referee)
The aim of these theses was to summarize the knowledge about the use of xenodiagnostic methods in the past and their current potential for parasitological research. Xenodiagnosis it is a diagnostic method using bloodsucking arthropods (disease vectors) as a biologic medium suitable for detection of parasites in the blood of investigated individuals (vertebrates). It is expected that parasites grow within the midgut of the vector and then are easily detectable microscopically. The method was used for the first time in 1914 by French researcher Émile Bumpt for detection of Trypasoma cruzi, causative agent of Chargas' disease. During few decades and thanks to engagement of many scientific groups, it became one of the most efficient and effective diagnostic methods. For instance, the most suitable species of vectors, the experiment duration and the optimal numbers of vectors and/or experiments were assigned to get reliable results. Xenodiagnoses as a diagnostic method lost its importance after introduction of molecular methods, first of all after onset of polymerase chain reaction. At present, however, the xenodiagnosis is suitable for experiments studiing if the host is infectious for the vector. This method appears as a good tool for testing of new reservoir hosts and for the monitoring of the role...
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